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초예측(웅진 지식하우스)을 읽고 공감이 갈만한 내용만 발췌 정리함.

  1. 인류는 어떤 운명을 맞이할 것인가?

향후 미래를 결정 짓는 요인으로 주목한 것은 인공지능과 격차였다

4차 산업혁명은 인공지능이 이끌 것이다. 의료, 주거, 교육, 일의 형태와 성격아 중요.

세계화가 심화됨에 따라 격차와 분극화(polarization)의 발생에 인류는 피로감이 고조되고 있는 한편, 인공지능이 이끄는 혁명이 발흥하기 시작했음.

 

@@@ 사피엔스의 저자 유발 하라리 : 인공지능이 더 발전 하면 대다수 인간이 정치저그 경제적 가치를 잃은 무용계급(useless class)으로 전락할 것이라고 내다봄.

 

유발하라리(76년생)은 에루살렘 히브리 대학교 역사학부 교수로 재직 중임. 2011년에 이스라엘에서 출간한 '사피엔스'라는 저서에서

'인류는 어떤 운명을 맞이할 것인가?'를 설파함.

 

유발하라리의 의견은 아래와 같음.

인간의 행복은 물질적인 것이 아니라 기대치에 좌우된다고 본다. 기대가 충족되면 행복하다 느끼고, 기대에 못 미치면 불행하다 여깁니다. 형편이 좋아지면 기대치도 높아집니다. 인간은 성취감이나 즐거움을 경험하면 만족하는 것이 아니라 더욱 누리고 싶어 한다고 함. 개인은 물론이고 집단에서도 더 누리고 싶다는 마음이 있는 한, 만족하는 일은 없게됨.

 

민주주의는 20세기에 가장 성공한 정치구조입니다. 민주주의의 확산은 인류에게 막대한 이익을 안겨주었습니다. 21세기에 접어든 후 민주주의는 난제들을 제대로 처리하지 못하고 있음. 과학기술의 발전에 의해 경제나 사회의 변화 속도가 엄청나게 빨라지다 보니, 지금 세계에서 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지 파악하기 위해 수집하고 분석해야 하는 정보량이 기하급수로 늘어나고 있음. 예측을 할 수 없으니 미래에 추구할 목표나 가치를 결정할 수도 계획을 세울 수도 없음.

 

미래의 직업이나, 생명 연장 등 예측이 어려움. 그래서 현행의 연금이나 보험은 비현실적인 가정하에 기초하고 있다고 보아도 됨. 정치도 진보든 보수든 민주주의든 권위주의든 미래 모습을 설득력 있게 제시하지 못하고 있으며 정치가와 유권자는 세상의 변화에서 소외되고 과학기술만 극적인 발전을 거듭해 우리의 일상을 지배하고 있습니다.

 

과학기술이 사회를 바꾸는 것은 사실이나 사회를 어떤 방향으로 이끌기는 하지만, 결정하는 것은 아님.

 

향후 수십 년 안에 인류는 세가지 커다란 위기, 바로 핵전쟁, 지구온난화, 과학기술에 의한 실존적 위기에 직면할 것임.

이러한 문제를 세계 강국이 독자적으로 해결할 수 없고 국가간 협력이 필요함. 그러나 브렉시트, 도널드 트럼프 미국 대통령, 포퓰리즘의 부상 등 민족주의는 국제적 차원에서 협력할 기회와 능력을 저해해 위험.

 

기독교는 여명기에는 수많은 종교 중 하나에 불과 했으나, 오늘날 세계에 가장 널리 퍼진 종료로서 의미를 갖는데, 이는 확산과정에서 무력이 기여한 바를 인정. 기독교는 4세기에 로마제국의 국교가 됨으로써 제국의 정치적 지지와 군사 지원을 얻었고, 평화적 포교와 무력을 번갈아 사용하며 신자를 늘려 갔음.

 

제국주의자들은 원주민을 억압하고 착취했으며, 그들이 기독교를 강제로 수용하게 했죠.

 

2장 현대 문명은 지속할 수 있는가

 

', , '의 저자, 문화인류학자이자 진화생물학자 제레드 다이아몬드 : 1937년 미국 보스턴 태생, 하버드 대학교에서 생물학, 캠브리지 대학에서 생리학 전공 캘리포니아 대학교 로스앤젤레스 캠퍼스(UCLA)에서 의대 생리학 교수 거쳐 지리학과 교수로 재직 중.

 

저출산 고령화 현상?

일본의 저출산 현상이 아직 인적자원이 충분히 활용되지 않음을 지적하며 그 부분을 개선한다면 저출산 현상을 새삼 비관적으로 볼 필요가 없다고 말함.

자원에 대한 수요 측면에서 저츌산은 오히려 새로운 경쟁력이 될지도 모른다는 점을 주장.

 

창의성이 다양성에서 비롯된다 봄.

 

격차의 문제... 세가지 위험에서 격차가 생김.

신종 전염병의 확대, 테러리즘의 만연, 타국으로의 이주 가속화가 큰 문제를 야기할 것이라고 예측. 이러한 문제는 세계적 재앙을 피하기 위해 선진국들이 나서서 해결해야 할 전략 과제인 것임.

 

여러 형태의 전통 사회에서 자녀 양육 방식부터 노인이 사회적 처우 등에 대한 교훈을 얻을 수 있다.

 

인류가 자원을 지나치게 빨리, 대량으로 소비하는 바람에 자원을 만들어 내야 할 지구가 맥을 못 추고, 자원부족으로 인류 문명이 붕괴할 수도 있다고 봄. 자원을 둘러싼 경쟁이 전쟁을 일으켜 붕괴로 이어질 수 있음.

미래의 큰 위기 중 하나는 자원 부족이 될 것이므로, 인구 감소는 문제가 아닌 환영할 일이라고 봄.

 

일본의 고령화는 역사상 특이한 경우임. 경영이나 관리경험이 필요한 자리나 설득력 있게 조언하는 자리에는 젊은 사람보다 고령자가 더 유용할지도 모릅니다. 젊은이들은 성공의 야심에 눈이 멀어 자칫 일을 그르칠 가능성이 있지만, 노인들은 개인적 욕심을 부릴 여지가 적음.

 

미국은 과거 정년퇴직제도가 있었지만, 1986년부터 고용상 연령차별금지법의 적용대상을 40세 이상으로 하고 상한연령을 폐지하여 정년이 없음. 일본은 고령자 비율이 가장 높은 나라이지만, 시대착오적인 정년제로 관리자나, 고문, 감독 등 고령자의 능력을 살릴 수 있는 경우가 적음.

 

미국의 노인들이 친구나 자녀와 떨어져서 고독하게 최후를 맞는 현실에 비하면 뉴기니와 같은 전통사회는 가족, 친지, 모두가 평생 함께 사는 전통사회이므로 이곳의 노인들이 훨씬 만족스러운 삶을 영위하는지도 모름.

 

15~19세기에 중국이 유럽에 밀린 이유가 통일의 약점이 드러났기 때문이라고 말한 적이 있음. 중국은 거대한 통일국가였고, 황제는 단 한명이었기 때문에 대외진출에 소극적인 왕이 즉위하면 대외 진출이 소극적일 수 밖에 없으나, 유럽 대륙에는 대외 진출에 거액을 투자한 다양한 왕국, 이태리, 프랑스, 포르투갈을 돌아 스페인 왕으로 부터 지원을 받은 콜럼버스가 신대륙 발견. 다양성은 위험을 분산시킬 하나의 해결책이다.

 

미국의 경우에도 50개 주가 전권의 행하면서 정책의 50가지 실험장이라 해도 무방할 정도로 정치적 다양성에 의한 실험이 다른 주의 본보기로 작용할 수 있음.

 

미국은 국민을 두 부류로 나누어 생각함. 에너지가 넘치고 위험을 감수하고자 하는 사람들, 다른 하나는 야심 없는 기존과정 고수하려는 사람들. 이민은 위험을 택할 용기가 있는 사람들이 하고, 미국은 이민자들을 받아들인 덕분에 가장 야심만만한 국민을 얻은 셈임.

 

이민이야말로 미국이라는 나라에 활력을 불어 넣는 원동력임. 문화적 단일성은 사회 내 갈등을 줄여주는 대신 창의와 혁신을 뒤쳐지게 하는 단점도 있다.

 

국가간 격차의 세가지 문제..

 

신종 감염병의 확산 문제.

60~70년대 아프라카에서 발생한 애볼라 출혈열, 80년대 에이즈 바이러스 등 신종 감염병은 오늘날 세계화로 국경을 넘어 부유한 나라로 퍼져나갈 수 있음.

 

두번째는 테러리즘임. 국가간 격차가 커지면 빈곤국민은 선진국의 여유로운 삶에 분개하게 됨. 빈곤국은 테러범들이 지지 기반을 얻은 후 부유한 나라를 공격하는 식으로 움직이기 쉬움.

 

세번째는 타국으로의 이주가 가속된다는 점임. 빈곤국정부가 생활수준을 높이려고 정책을 세우고 제도를 개선해도 그 성과를 확인하려고 국민이 50년이나 기다려야 할 사람은 없다. 사람들은 지금 바로 이 시점에서 높은 생활수준을 누리고 싶어함. 그 유일한 해결책은 풍요로운 곳으로의 이주임.

 

이중언어 사용이 알츠하이머병을 예방한다. 뇌를 끊임 없이 사용하기 떄문임. 캐나다에서 실시된 연구에서 이중언어 사용자는 알츠하이머병이 5년 정도 지연된다.

 

뉴기니의 전통사회는 수십 명에서 수백 명에 불과한 소규모 집단이니까 서로 모르는 사람이 없음. 한집 건너 아는 얼굴이기 때문에 가족이 아닌 사람도 책임을 공유하는 것임. 역으로 적용하면, 뉴기니에서 모르는 사람은 위험 인물로 간주됨. 정글에서 낯선 사람과 마주쳤을 때 뉴기니 원주민들은 우선 상대가 누구인지 판단하기 위해 2~3시간 대화를 나누고 공통의 친척이 언급되면 타인이 아니므로 경계심을 푼다.

 

뉴기니에서는 의료시설이 발달되지 않았기 때문에 다리를 다치면 죽을 때 까지 다리를 절면서 살아야 하므로, 모든 행동이 지나치게 조심스럽고 신중하게 대처함. 이를 건설적인 편집증이라고 함. constructive paranoia

 

세계 경제가 급속도로 통합 되어 서로 연결되어 있다 보니, 전 세계적 붕괴가 발생할 가능성이 제기되고 있음.

 

국가간 격차 확대는 앞으로 여러 문제들이 발생할 것이라 예측한다. 신종 전염병의 확산, 테러리즘의 만연, 타국으로의 이주 가속화를 지적 하며 피해를 경감하기 위해서는 선진국들이 적극 나서야 한다고 조언 한다.

전 세계적 붕괴가 발생할 가능성이 제기

 

3장 인공지능을 어떻게 통제할 것인가

 

'슈퍼인텔리전스'의 저자 닉 보스트롬 : 1973년 스웨덴 출생. 옥스퍼드대 철학과 교수이자 인류 미래 연구소 소장

슈퍼인텔리전스 즉, 초지능이란 인간의 일반 지능을 능가하는 인공지능을 말함.

최근 수년간 딥러닝(심층학습)이 발달하면서 인공지능발달 속도가 상당히 빨라짐.

 

자율 주행의 경우 돌발상황등 여러변수를 자율주행시스템에 종합적으로 고려해 도로 위에서 계속 선택과 결정을 반복하게 함. 특정 영역에 특화된 약한 인공지능과 인간이 하는 모든 일과 지적 과제를 수행하는 강한 인공지능(범용 인공지능)의 두 종류로 나뉨

 

만일 범용 인공지능이 개발되고 그것을 완벽하게 통제할 수 있다면 모든 인간이 혜택을 누릴 것임.

인공지능의 윤리적 정합성 즉 인류의 보편적 가치, 윤리에 부합하게 인공지능을 만드는 방법으로 인공지능이 특정 국가나 기업의 이익을 위해서만이 아니라 전 류==인류에게 혜택을 주기 위한 제도와 구조가 필요함.

 

유전자 변형에 의한 인간 능력 증강은 체외수정을 통해 우월 유전자를 가진 수정란을 선택하는 방법으로도 일어나고 있다. 인간이 인공지능에 대항하려고 스스로 지적 능력을 향상시키면 오히려 인공지능에게 추월 당하는 속도가 빨라진다는 딜레마가 있음.

 

Chapter 1 What kind of fate will mankind face?
It was the gap between artificial intelligence and the future that made the decision.
The fourth industrial revolution will be led by artificial intelligence. important in the form and character of health care, housing, education, and work.
As globalization intensifies, human beings are getting tired of the gap and polarization, while the artificial intelligence-led revolution is beginning to emerge.

@@@ Sapiens author Harari: "As artificial intelligence develops further, the majority of humans will be reduced to a dance class that has lost political and political value."

Juginhari, 76, is a professor of history at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. In a book called "Sapiens," published in Israel in 2011.
preach what fate will mankind face?

Induced Harari's opinion is as follows.
I believe that human happiness is not material, but depends on expectations. I feel happy when my expectations are met, and I feel unhappy if they fall short of my expectations. When things get better, expectations go up. Human beings want to enjoy more, not more, when they experience fulfillment or pleasure. As long as you want to enjoy more in groups as well as in individuals, you will never be satisfied.

Democracy is the most successful political structure in the 20th century. The spread of democracy has brought enormous benefits to mankind. Since entering the 21st century, democracy has not handled the challenges properly. With the rapid pace of economic and social change due to the development of science and technology, the amount of information that needs to be collected and analyzed to understand what is happening in the world is increasing exponentially. Unable to determine the goals or values to pursue in the future, nor to make plans.

Difficult to predict, such as future jobs or life extension. So the current pension or insurance is based on unrealistic assumptions. Politics, whether it's progressives, conservatives, democracy or authoritarianism, does not present a convincing picture of the future, and politicians and voters are marginalized from the changes in the world, and only science and technology continue to dominate our daily lives.

It is true that science and technology change society, but it does not decide in any way.

In the next few decades, mankind will face three major crises: nuclear war, global warming, and an existential crisis caused by technology.
These problems cannot be solved independently by the world's powers and require inter-country cooperation. But nationalism, such as Brexit, U.S. President Donald Trump and the rise of populism, is at risk because it undermines the opportunity and ability to cooperate on an international level.

Christianity was only one of many religions during the dawn of life, but it is meaningful as the most widespread end of the world today, recognizing the contribution of force to the spread of the world. Christianity gained political support and military support from the Empire by becoming the diplomatic relations of the Roman Empire in the 4th century, and increased the number of believers by alternately using peaceful artillery and force.

The imperialists oppressed and exploited the natives, forcing them to accept Christianity.

Chapter 2 Can Modern Civilization Continue?

Zared Diamond, author of "Total, Germ and Steel," cultural anthropologist and evolutionary biologist Jared Diamond: Born in Boston, U.S. in 1937 at Harvard University, Biology at Cambridge University, where he was a physiology professor at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and a geography professor.

Low birth rate and aging population?
Pointing out that Japan's low birth rate is not fully utilized yet, he said, "If we improve that, we need not be pessimistic about the low birth rate."
In terms of demand for resources, they argue that low mountains may become a new competitive power.

Creativity comes from diversity.

the question of divergence... Difference in three risks.
The expansion of new infectious diseases, the prevalence of terrorism and the acceleration of migration to other countries will cause major problems." These problems are strategic tasks that developed countries must come forward to address in order to avoid a global

In many forms of traditional society, lessons can be learned from how children are raised to how the elderly are treated.

As humans consume resources too quickly and in large quantities, the earth that needs to create them is hopeless, and the human civilization may collapse due to lack of resources. Competition over resources can lead to war and collapse.
One of the great crises of the future will be resource shortages, so the decline in population is welcome, not a problem.

Japan's aging population is an unusual case in history. Elderly people may be more useful than young people for positions that require management or management experience or for places that offer persuasive advice. Young people are blinded by the ambition of success and are likely to go wrong, but older people have little room for personal greed.

There was a retirement age system in the U.S. in the past, but there was no retirement age due to the abolition of the upper age limit, subject to the Employment Age Discrimination Act from 1986. Japan has the highest proportion of senior citizens, but with an anachronistic retirement age, it is rarely able to revive the capabilities of senior citizens such as managers, advisers and supervisors.

Compared to the fact that the elderly in the U.S. die alone apart from their friends and children, traditional society like New Guinea is a traditional society where family, friends and everyone live together for the rest of their lives, so we don't know whether the elderly here lead a much more satisfying life.

He once said that the reason why China lost ground to Europe in the 15th and 19th centuries was because the weakness of reunification was revealed. China was a huge unified country, and the emperor was only one, so if a passive king came to the throne, he would be passive in making inroads into the world, but Columbus, who traveled around the European continent and received support from the Spanish king, traveled around Italy, France, and Portugal. Diversity is one solution to diffuse risk.

In the case of the United States, 50 states have the full power and 50 test sites of policies can serve as examples of other states.

the United States of America divided its people into two categories. Those who are full of energy and want to take risks, and those who are willing to stick to the existing process that is ambitious. Immigration is done by those who have the courage to take risks, and the United States has gained the most ambitious people thanks to the acceptance of immigrants.

Immigration is the driving force behind the revitalization of the U.S. Cultural unity also has its disadvantages, leaving creativity and innovation behind, instead of reducing conflicts within society.

The three problems of the gap between countries.

the problem of the spread of new infectious diseases
New infectious diseases such as Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Africa in the '60s and '70s, and AIDS virus in the '80s, can spread across borders and into rich countries through globalization today.

The second is terrorism. If the gap between countries widens, the poor will resent the leisurely lives of advanced countries. Poor countries are easy to move by attacking rich countries after terrorists have gained support.

The third is that migration to other countries accelerates. No one has to wait as long as 50 years for the public to confirm its achievements, even if the poor government sets policies to raise living standards and improves the system. People want to enjoy a high standard of living at this point. The only solution is migration to a rich place.

The use of bilingualism prevents Alzheimer's disease. Because the brain is constantly being used. In a study conducted in Canada, bilingual users delay Alzheimer's disease by five years.

Since New Guinea's traditional society is a small group of only tens to hundreds of people, everyone knows each other. People who are not family share responsibility because they know each other across the house. Conversely, strangers in New Guinea are considered dangerous. When faced with a stranger in the jungle, the New Guinea natives first talk two to three hours to determine who their opponent is and relax their vigilance because they are not others when a common relative is mentioned.

In New Guinea, medical facilities are not developed, so if you hurt your leg, you have to limp until you die, so all actions are handled too carefully and carefully. This is called constructive paranoia. Structural paranoia

The rapid integration of the global economy into one another raises the possibility of a global collapse.

The widening gap between countries predicts that many problems will arise in the future. Pointing to the spread of new infectious diseases, the spread of terrorism and accelerating migration to other countries, he advised advanced countries to take active steps to alleviate the damage.
Possibility of a worldwide collapse

Chapter 3 How to Control Artificial Intelligence

Nick Bostrom, author of "Superintelligence: Born in Sweden in 1973. Professor of Philosophy at Oxford University and Director of the Institute for the Future of Humanity
Superintelligence, or superintelligence, refers to artificial intelligence that surpasses the general intelligence of human beings.
With the development of deep learning in recent years, artificial intelligence development has increased considerably.

In case of autonomous driving, multiple variables such as sudden situations are considered in the self-driving system and the decision is repeated on the road. A weak artificial intelligence specialized in a specific area and a strong artificial intelligence (universal artificial intelligence) that performs all human tasks and intellectual tasks

If general-purpose artificial intelligence is developed and fully controlled, all humans will benefit.
The ethical consistency of artificial intelligence, namely the need for systems and structures to benefit humanity, not only for the benefit of a particular country or company, but also for the benefit of mankind.

The enhancement of human abilities by genetic modification is also taking place by selecting fertilized eggs with superior genes through in vitro fertilization. There is a dilemma that if humans improve their intellectual abilities to fight against artificial intelligence, they will rather be overtaken by artificial intelligence.

 

第一章 人类将面临怎样的命运?
决定未来的因素是人工智能的差距
第四次产业革命将由人工智能领导。 医疗,居住,教育,工作形态和性格非常重要。
随着世界化的深化,随着差距和分化(polaization)的产生,人类的疲劳感正在高涨,同时人工智能引领的革命开始兴起。

《萨芬斯》的作者诱发哈拉里:如果人工智能得到进一步发展,大多数人类将沦落为失去政治,经济价值的舞蹈阶级(useless class)。

刘发哈拉里(1976年生),现任伊鲁沙莱姆希伯来大学历史系教授。 2011年在以色列出版的名为《萨芬斯》的著作中...
道破"人类会迎来怎样的命运?"

刘发哈拉里的意见如下。
笔者认为,人的幸福不是物质上的,而是被期望值所左右。 期待满足的话会感到幸福,期待不到的话会觉得不幸。 如果情况好转,期待值也会提高。 人类在体验成就感或快乐时,更愿意享受,而不是满足。 只要个人和集体都希望享受,就不会有满意的事情发生。

民主主义是20世纪最成功的政治结构。 民主主义的扩散给人类带来了巨大的利益。 进入21世纪后,民主主义未能很好地处理难题。 随着科学技术的发展,经济或社会的变化速度大大加快,为了掌握当今世界上发生了什么事情,需要收集和分析的信息量正在以几何级数增长。 因为无法预测,所以不能决定未来追求的目标或价值,也不能制定计划。

很难预测未来的职业或生命延长等。 所以可以说现行的年金和保险是基于不现实的假设。 "政治也好,进步也好,保守也好,民主主义也好,权威主义也好,都没能有说服力地提出未来的面貌,政治家和选民被排斥在世间变化之外,只有科学技术在不断取得戏剧性的发展,支配着我们的日常生活。"

科学技术改变社会是事实,但社会是朝着什么方向发展,但不是决定的。

在今后几十年里,人类将面临三个巨大的危机,即核战争,全球变暖和依靠科学技术的实际存在危机。
世界强国不能独自解决这些问题,需要国家间的合作。 但是,英国脱欧,美国总统特朗普,民粹主义的崛起等民族主义阻碍了在国际层面上进行合作的机会和能力,因此存在危险。

基督教在黎明时期只不过是众多宗教中的一个,但它是当今世界最广为流传的结束,具有深远的意义,它承认武力在扩散过程中所做出的贡献。 基督教在4世纪成为罗马帝国的国交,得到了帝国的政治支持和军事支援,并交替使用和平的布教和武力,不断增加信徒。

帝国主义者压迫和剥削了原住民,迫使他们接受基督教。

第二章 现代文明能否持续

《枪,菌,铁》的作者,文化人类学家,进化生物学家杰雷德·钻石:1937年出生于美国波士顿,曾在哈佛大学任生物学教授,剑桥大学任生理学专业的加州大学洛杉矶分校教授。

低生育高龄化现象?
有人指出,日本的低生育现象还没有充分利用人力资源,并表示:"如果改善其部分,就没有必要对低生育现象感到悲观。"
从对资源的需求方面来看,低 저山反而可能成为新的竞争力。

创意性源于多样性。

差距的问题... 三种危险中产生差距。
预测认为,新型传染病的扩大,恐怖主义的蔓延,加速移居他国将引发重大问题。 为了避免世界性的灾难,发达国家应该出面解决这些问题。

在各种形式的传统社会中,从子女的养育方式到老人的社会待遇等方面,都可以汲取教训。

人类资源,快速地、大量消费导致的资源,创造出的地球是萎靡不振,资源不足,人类文明的崩溃可能春天 围绕资源的竞争可能会引发战争,导致崩溃。
春天说,未来的大危机之一将是资源短缺,人口减少不是问题,而是值得欢迎的事情。

日本的高龄化在历史上是非常特殊的。 对需要经营或管理经验的职位或有说服力地提出建议的职位,高龄人士也许比年轻人更有用。 年轻人被成功的野心迷住了眼睛,稍有不慎就会误事,但老年人个人贪心的空间很小。

美国过去有退休制度,但从1986年开始将《雇佣商禁止年龄歧视法》的适用对象定为40岁以上,废除上限年龄,没有退休年龄。 日本是高龄者比率最高的国家,但是因与时俱进的退休制度,能拯救管理者,顾问,监督等高龄者的能力的情况很少。

与美国老人远离朋友和子女孤独地死去的现实相比,像新几内亚这样的传统社会是家人,亲戚,所有人一生共同生活的传统社会,因此这里的老人也许能过上更加令人满意的生活。

我曾说过,中国在15~19世纪落后于欧洲是因为暴露出了统一的弱点。 中国是一个巨大的统一国家,皇帝只有一个,所以如果对外进军消极的国王登基,对外进军必然消极,但在欧洲大陆,从对外投资巨额的多种王国,意大利,法国,葡萄牙, 多样性是分散风险的一种解决办法。

在美国,50个州也行使全权,即使是政策的50个试验场也无妨,政治多样性的试验可以成为其他州的榜样。

美国把国民分为两类。 一个是那些精力充沛,愿意承担风险的人,另一个是那些没有雄心壮志,坚持现有过程的人。 移民是敢于选择危险的人,而美国因为接纳了移民,得到了最野心勃勃的国民。

移民才是给美国这个国家注入活力的原动力。 文化单一性也有减少社会内部矛盾,而忽视创意和革新的缺点。

国家间差距的三个问题

新型传染病的扩散问题。
60~70年代在阿芙拉卡发生的埃博拉出血热,80年代艾滋病毒等新型传染病,随着今天的全球化,可以跨越国境扩散到富裕国家。

第二是恐怖主义。 如果国家间差距扩大,贫困国民就会对发达国家的悠闲生活感到愤慨。 贫困国家很容易采取恐怖分子获得支持后攻击富裕国家的方式。

第三是加速移居他国。 即使贫困国家政府为提高生活水平制定政策并改善制度,国民也不会为了确认其成果而等待50年。 人们现在就想在这个时候享受较高的生活水平。 唯一的解决方法就是去富饶地方的李主任。

使用双语预防老年痴呆症。 大脑不断使用。 在加拿大进行的研究中,使用双语的人,阿尔茨海默氏症会延迟5年左右。

"新几内亚的传统社会只有几十人甚至数百人,是一个小规模的群体,所以彼此之间没有不认识的人。" 因为是隔一家都知道的面孔,所以不是家人的人也要分担责任。 反之,在新几内亚不认识的人被视为危险人物。 在丛林中遇到陌生人时,新几内亚土著人首先会为了判断对方是谁而交谈两,三个小时,如果提到共同的亲戚,就会放松警惕,因为不是他人。

医疗设施的发展,在新几内亚结束,因为腿受伤,到死不瘸一拐地生活,所有行动过于谨慎,慎重处理。 这是建设性的偏执症。 constructive pararoia

世界经济迅速融合,相互连接,因此有人提出全球崩溃的可能性。

我们预测,国家间差距扩大将引发各种问题。 会议指出,新型传染病的蔓延,恐怖主义的蔓延,加速移居他国,并建议发达国家应积极行动起来,减轻损失。
全世界都有可能发生崩溃

第三章 如何控制人工智能

《Super Intelligence》的作者尼克·博斯特罗姆:1973年出生于瑞典。 牛津大学哲学系教授,人类未来研究所所长
超级智能即超智能是指超过人类一般智能的人工智能。
近年来,随着深层学习的发展,人工智能发射速度将大大加快。

自动行驶时,在自动驾驶系统上综合考虑突发状况等多种变数,在道路上反复选择和决定。 分为特定领域的弱人工智能和执行人类所有工作和智力课题的强人工智能(通用人工智能)两种

如果通用人工智能被开发出来并能够对其进行完美控制,那么所有人类都将享受这一福利。
人工智能的伦理匹配性,即符合人类普遍价值,伦理的人工智能制造方法,人工智能不仅仅是为了特定国家或企业的利益,而是为了全类=人类受益的制度与结构。

通过转基因增强人类能力的方法是通过体外受精来选择具有优越基因的受精卵。 人类如果为了对抗人工智能而自行提高智力,反而会加速被人工智能超越的速度,这是两难的选择。

 

 

第1枚 人類はどんな運命を迎えるだろうか?
今後、未来を決める要因として注目したのは人工知能との格差だった。
4次産業革命は人工知能が導くだろう。 医療、住居、教育、仕事の形態と性格児が重要。
グローバル化の深まるにつれ、格差と分極化(polarization)の発生に人類は疲労感が高まっている一方、人工知能が導く革命が勃興し始めた。

@@@ともう・サピエンスの著者誘発ハラリ:人工知能がもっと発展すると、大多数の人間が政治・ジャグ経済的価値を失った舞踊階級(useless class)に転落するだろうと予想したこと。

ユバルハラリー(76年生)はエルサルレムヘブライ大学歴史学部教授として在職中であること。 2011年にイスラエルで出版した'・サピエンス'という著書で…
"人類はどのような運命を迎えるのか?"を説く。

誘発原理の意見は下記の通り。
人間の幸福は物質的なものではなく、期待値に左右されると思う。 期待が満たされれば幸せだと感じ、期待に及ばなければ不幸だと考えます。 都合がよくなれば期待も高まります。 人間は達成感や楽しさを経験すれば満足するのではなく、もっと享受したがるという。 個人はもちろん集団でももっと享受したいという気持ちがある限り、満足することはない。

民主主義は20世紀に最も成功した政治構造です。 民主主義の拡散は人類に莫大な利益をもたらしました。 21世紀に入った後、民主主義は難題をきちんと処理していないこと。 科学技術の発展により、経済や社会の変化の速度が途方もなく速くなっているため、現在、世界で何が起きているのかを把握するために収集·分析しなければならない情報量が、幾何級数に増えている。 予測できないため、未来に追求する目標や価値を決めることも計画を立てることもできない。

将来の職業や、延命など予測が困難。 そこで現行の年金や保険は、非現実的な仮定に基づくものと見てよい。 政治も進歩であれ保守であれ民主主義であれ、権威主義であれ、未来の姿を説得力を持って提示することができず、政治家と有権者は世の中の変化から疎外され、科学技術のみ劇的な発展を重ねて我々の日常を支配しています。

科学技術が社会を変えることは事実や社会をある方向に導くことはするが、決定するものではない。

今後数十年以内に人類は3つの、大きな危機、核戦争、地球温暖化、科学技術による実存的危機に直面するだろう。
このような問題を世界の大国が独自に解決できず、国家間の協力が必要。 しかし、ブレキシト、ドナルド·トランプ米大統領、ポピュリズムの浮上など、民族主義は国際的なレベルで協力する機会と能力を阻害し危険だ。

キリスト教は黎明期には数多くの宗教の一つに過ぎなかったが、今日世界でもっとも広まった終了という意味を持つが、これは拡散過程で武力が寄与したことを認める。 キリスト教は4世紀にローマ帝国の国交となることにより、帝国の政治的支持と軍事支援を得て、平和的布教と武力を交互に使用し、信者を増やして行き。

帝国主義者は原住民を抑圧して搾取し、彼らがキリスト教を強制的に収容させました。

第2枚、現代文明は持続できるか

'銃、菌、鉄'の著者、文化人類学者であり、進化生物学者ジェレド・ダイアモンド:1937年、米ボストン生まれ、ハーバード大学で生物学、ケンブリッジ大学で生理学専攻、カリフォルニア大学ロサンゼルス校キャンパス(UCLA)で医学部生理学教授経て、地理学科の教授に在職中。

●少子高齢化現象?
日本の少子化現象が、まだ人的資源が十分活用されていないことを指摘し、その部分を改善するなら、少子化現象を改めて悲観的に見る必要はない"と述べた。
資源に対する需要の面で低計算はむしろ新しい競争力になるかも知れないという点を主張。

創造性が多様性から始まる。

格差の問題... 3つの危険に開きが生ずる
新種伝染病の拡大、テロリズムの蔓延、他国への移住加速が大きな問題を引き起こすと予測。 このような問題は世界的な災いを避けるために先進国が乗り出して解決しなければならない戦略課題である。

様々な形の伝統社会で子供の養育方法から老人が社会的処遇などに対する教訓を得ることができる。

人類が資源を過度に早く、大量に消費するため、資源を作り出さなければならない地球が力なく、資源不足で人類の文明が崩壊しかねないと見ている。 資源をめぐる競争が戦争を起こして崩壊につながることがある。
未来の大きな危機の一つは資源不足になるはずなので、人口減少は問題ではなく歓迎すべきことだと思う。

日本の高齢化は歴史上特異なケースである。 経営や管理経験が必要な席や説得力をもって助言する席には、若い人よりも高齢者が役に立つかもしれません。 若者は成功の野心に目がくらみ、ややもすると物事を誤る可能性があるが、老人は個人的な欲を出す余地が少ない。

米国は過去に定年退職制度があったが、1986年から雇用上年齢差別禁止法の適用対象を40歳以上として上限年齢を廃止し、定年がないこと。 日本は高齢者の比率が最も高い国だが、時代錯誤的な定年制で管理者や、顧問、監督など高齢者の能力を生かせることが少ない。

米国の老人が友人や子どもと離れて孤独に最期を迎える現実に比べれば、ニューギニアのような伝統社会は家族、親戚、皆が一生一緒に暮らす伝統社会であるため、ここの老人がはるかに満足できる生活を営むかも知れない。

15~19世紀に中国が欧州に押された理由が統一の弱点がさらけ出されたためだと話したことがある。 中国は巨大な統一国家で、皇帝はただ一人だったため、対外進出に消極的な王が即位すれば対外進出が消極的にならざるを得ないが、欧州大陸には対外進出に巨額を投資した多様な王国、イタリア、フランス、ポルトガルを回ってスペイン王から支援を受けたコロンブスが新大陸発見。 多様性はリスクを分散させる一つの解決策だ。

米国の場合にも50州が全権の行いながら政策の50つの実験場としてよいほど政治的多様性による実験が他の主義の手本に作用することができる。

アメリカは国民を2つの部類に分けて考える。 エネルギーが溢れ、危険を甘受しようとする人々、もう一つは野心のない従来のプロセスを固守しようとする人々だ。 移民は危険を選ぶ勇気のある人々が行い、米国は移民者を受け入れたおかげで、最も野心満々な国民を得たわけだ。

移民こそアメリカという国に活力を吹き込む原動力である。 文化的単一性は社会内の葛藤を減らす代わりに、創意と革新を遅らせる短所もある。

国家間の格差の三つの問題...

新種の感染病の拡散問題
60~70年代アプラカで発生したエボルラ出血熱、80年代、エイズウイルスなど新型感染病は今日のグローバル化で国境を越えて豊かな国に広がりうること。

二番目はテロリズム。 国家間の格差が広がれば、貧困国民は先進国の豊かな暮らしに憤慨するようになる。 貧困国はテロ犯が支持基盤を得た後、富裕国を攻撃するやり方で動きやすい。

第三は、他国への移住が加速する点である。 貧困国政府が生活水準を高めるために政策を立て、制度を改善しても、その成果を確認するために、国民が50年も待たなければならない人はいない。 人々は今すぐこの時点で高い生活水準を享受したがる。 その唯一の解決策は、豊かな所への移住である。

バイリンガル使用がアルツハイマー病を予防する。 絶え間なく脳を使うためである。 カナダで実施された研究で二重言語使用者はアルツハイマー病が5年ぐらい遅延される。

ニューギニアの伝統社会は数十人から数百人に過ぎない小規模集団であるため、お互いに知らない人はいない。 一軒隔たった顔なので家族でない人でも責任を共有している。 逆に適用すると、ニューギニアで知らない人は危険人物とみなされる。 ジャングルで見知らぬ人と合ったとき、ニューギニア原住民たちはまず、相手が誰かを判断するための2~3時間対話を交わして共通の親戚が言及されれば、他人がないため、警戒心を解決する。

ニューギニアでは医療施設が発達していないため、足を怪我すると死ぬまで足を引きずりながら生活しなければならないため、すべての行動が慎重すぎ慎重に対処する。 これを建設的な偏執症という。 constructive paranoia

世界経済が急速に統合され、相互につながっているため、世界的な崩壊が発生する可能性が提起されている。

国家間の格差の拡大は今後、様々な問題が発生すると予測する。 新種の伝染病の拡散、テロリズムの蔓延、他国への移住加速化を指摘し、被害を軽減するためには先進国が積極的に乗り出さなければならないとアドバイスする。
世界的な崩壊が発生する可能性が提起

第3枚人工知能をどのように統制するのか

'スーパー・インテリジェンス・'の著者ニック・ボストォロム:1973年、スウェーデンの出生。 オックスフォード大学哲学科教授で人類未来研究所所長
スーパーインテリジェンスすなわち超知能とは人間の一般知能を凌駕する人工知能をいう。
最近数年間、ディープラーニング(深層学習)が発達し、人工知能の発達速度がかなり速くなる。

自律走行の場合、突発状況など様々な変数を自律走行システムに総合的に考慮し、道路上で選択と決定を繰り返させる。 特定領域に特化した弱い人工知能と、人間が行う、全部ての仕事と知的課題を遂行する強い人工知能(汎用人工知能)の2種類に分けられる。

もし汎用人工知能が開発され、それを完璧に統制することができれば、すべての人間が恩恵を享受できるはず。
人工知能の倫理的整合性、すなわち人類の普遍的価値、倫理に合致するように人工知能を作る方法で、人工知能が特定国家や企業利益のためだけでなく、電流=人類に恩恵を与えるための制度と構造が必要。

遺伝子組み換えによる人間能力の増強は、体外受精を通じて優越遺伝子を持った受精卵を選択する方法でも起きている。 人間が人工知能に対抗しようと自ら知的能力を向上させると、むしろ人工知能に追い越される速度が速くなるというジレンマがある。

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before going in

This data is ultimately prepared to explore the organizational operational mechanism in which innovation is sustainable.
Smart company whose product business combines software, design, service, hardware, etc. from technology to hardware-centric
Evolving into business. The smart business today is fast evolving and innovative anywhere.
An environment in which powerful competitors armed with new technologies and new products can emerge and shake the market.
in

In such a complex and rapidly changing business environment, companies must continue to grow for survival and perpetuity.
We need to be able to ‘innovate products and businesses’ without the need to internalize those capabilities and constitution into the organization’s DNA.
what should be done.

Innovative organizations in cases like Google, IBM, GE, etc. are considered successful in business innovation
To discover the principles of operation and to help design the mechanism of our innovation organization operation.
(In particular, it applies to the Innovation BusinessCenter that is created to develop a smart-based business.)

First of all, in terms of exploring sustainable products, organizational structures that are relevant to business innovation
The development phase of the organization of the product business unit, especially in terms of the evolution and security of the matrix organization, was reviewed.
Highly innovative products, organized with a framework that sets the way organizations operate their businesses.

This data is based on 1) the evolution of matrix organizations, 2) the HR should be
This focused on the design of the operational mechanism of the innovation organization.
In the design of the operational mechanism of the innovation organization, the governance of innovation is established, and the group is focused on project managers.
Suggests how to design direct operating system, find new business ideas, and establish a commercialized linkage system.

 

 


The Evolution and Organizational Mechanism Design of Matrix Organization : HR's Role in the Establishment of Innovation Organization
 Evolution phase of product business organization
Describe the evolutionary stages of an organization based on the organization that performs new product development within a business unit.

The most common characteristic of matrix organizations is that traditional vertical hierarchies are organizational forms that are intersected by horizontal authority, horizontal communication.The second characteristic is that the traditional boss-centered hierarchy of power was suspended and responsibilities and authority were divided into dual lines.

Matrix organization is a collaborative structure that combines project-oriented and function-oriented structure.
Functional organizations have the advantage that individuals can develop new technologies in each area of expertise, but due to the features that focus on the expertise of specific functions, the functional structure exposes weaknesses in terms of cooperation and synergies among each specialty, and the product-oriented business unit organization can reduce these weaknesses by focusing the attention of members of the functional organization on product requirements, but at the same time it is difficult to accumulate expertise.
May lead to the obsolescence of the literary world

Matrix organization is an alternative to achieving both functional-oriented and product-centric benefits by providing appropriate cooperation while maintaining functional expertise.

These matrix organizations and the organizational evolution to complement matrix organizations are functional organizations  matrix organizations (weak matrix strong matrix) project-oriented organizations that go through evolutionary steps.

1. Phase 1: Starting with traditional or functional type hierarchical structure as a functional organization
2. Step 2: As a matrix organization,
1) As traditional functional hierarchy exists as the foundation of the organization, a ‘weak matrix organization’ is formed in which project organizations are temporarily created to address new complexity and cross functional organizations.
2) The project structure became permanent and developed into a "strong matrix organization" in which project functions had relatively stronger authority than functional organizations in forming such a permanent project structure and functional inter-organization matrix organizations.
3) As a mature step of matrices, there is a functional hierarchy and a balance of authority between project organizations at this stage.
3. Step 3: ‘Beyond the matrix’. At this stage, the whole organization is represented in the form of Project Oriented Organization.

weak matrix tissue
The matrix organization is responsible for maintaining and strengthening the expertise of functional organizations and for delivering products that are the strengths of project organizations.
A type of organization that combines the characteristics of organic cooperation and coordination among related functions.

Small organization size, various product types, and the need for technical accumulation and expertise
In this high case, it is appropriate to operate as a functional organization.
However, the variety of products and variety of technologies, contents, services, etc.
When products become more complex, such as home appliances, and at the same time emphasize the efficiency of new technology accumulation and resource utilization.
You will run a U-matrix organization.
To provide differentiated value for products, the same product concept is maintained consistently throughout the entire commercialization process.
In addition, we need to develop new products quickly and at the same time secure core technologies for new product development.
It is a well-organized system.

In these matrix organizations, the weak matrix structure is the result of the project manager being compared to the functional managers.
Having weak authority and decision-making authority. In practice, project managers are responsible for the project's fusill
Considered to be the presence of the rutters. They plan and supervise the implementation, but they are responsible for the development of human resources.
Having no set control and relying almost on functional organization managers to secure resources.
In addition, project managers typically have lower positions than functional organization managers.

Because authority (human rights, etc.) is concentrated in the manager of a functional organization, ideas from various functional departments as well as customer needs may not be fully reflected in new product development activities. In many cases, the product business is a technology-driven product development.

Members are not as loyal to project managers as they are to managers of functional organizations that determine their growth. Their performance is measured not by project work but by the work done for their functional organization managers.For members, participating in a project is likely to cause complaints that they cannot concentrate on the project and project managers are not motivated because it is seen by functional organization managers who evaluate themselves as neglecting their function.
The failure of project managers to have real control over members leads to criticism of functional managers and creates conflicts with each other.

Although the basic organizational structure of a company or a business unit works as a functional organization and as a project when necessary, the PM acts as a coordinator or communicator, mainly as a way to perform their assigned roles in each functional organization.

strong matrix structure
Privileges and responsibilities related to product development by project managers gradually under the matrix structure
It operates as a strong matrix organization with a consistent product concept for customer needs.
Can be maintained during product development.

Full autonomy in a strong matrix structure is given to project managers. about the members
It is common for project managers to exercise performance management responsibilities and authority.At the same time as the project
In , project managers ask managers of functional organizations to hire more people, and functional managers are required to do so.
Request project plans to support personnel and identify the duration of input personnel's project.

In weak matrix organizations, project managers exist in functional organizations, but they're not going to be able to create strong matrix organizations.
Line Always has project management capabilities and is part of the Project Management (PMO)
Office" exists.

B2B Company has shown that Project Manager has strong rights to perform order projects to customers.
With each functional organization (sometimes involving the functional organization personnel of various product business groups in the company)
Can be done. For B2B companies, the functional organization is responsible for the management, promotion, and technology development of the members of the organization.
Joint responsibility for the project development and the origin of the project for the project development organization being responsible for the success
Has responsibility to provide active manpower (KPIs, etc.).

balanced matrix organization
Conflict between the two organizations over control and authority creates a desire for one group to dominate the other
Doing and harming the entire organization.The dominant project manager always tells himself
To ensure the best team composition, the functional organization’s managers will be pressed to gain outstanding talent.
And so the mechanism of reducing this conflict is to figure out who's going to manage the members, and to change the environment.
Having a rule within the organization that can be changed accordingly.Set up many potential rules to have equal rights between project managers and functional organization managers.A balanced architecture can create a win-win situation for both sides by establishing policies that guide the allocation of authority between project managers and functional managers.
"The same member shall not be put into a series of projects for the same project manager"
That is one example. "All engineers spend 20 to 30 hours on the New Product Development Project."
Another example is the time-sharing of members for existing product improvements, new product development, and non-continuous innovation.
organization through rules on division, coordination of departmental conflicts, etc.
It can be the way to zero.
The underlying structure of an organization can be taken to a matrix organization and rules can be operated in a complementary manner.
Well, even a weak matrix works seamlessly when members themselves have the ability, experience, and maturity.
Can.

Project Oriented Organization
The matrix organization has no clear responsibilities and no reporting lines to determine the potential for conflict over power.
Many. Also, I have inherent shortcomings such as excessive meeting and delay of decision making. And the river
Under one matrix organization, the functional director will try to regain the power he has lost.

As an alternative, a project-driven, integrated organization emerges.

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